The Z600 Standard non-imaging fluorometer is a Double-modulation fluorometer which measures Chl-fluorescence signal with a time resolution of up to 4 µs and detection limit of 100ng/L of chlorophyll.

The core of the Non-imaging Fluorometer is the measuring optical head containing a standard cuvette for sample suspensions (10 x 10 mm base, up to 4 ml of internal volume). The measuring head is supplied with three sets of light-emitting diodes and a PIN diode detector with 500 kHz/16-bit AD converter. Gain and integration time of the converter are software controlled.

Typical Samples:

• Chloroplasts & thylakoids
• Algae & cyanobacteria
• Small leaves or leaf segments

Fluorometer-Supported Investigations:

• Fluorescence induction
• Pulse amplitude modulation measurements (PAM)
• Fast OJIP transient capture
• Rapid measurements of Q_A-reoxidation kinetics
• State transitions
• Quenching parameters
• Photochemical yields
• Determination of the effective antenna size in Photosystem II

The Standard Non-imaging Fluorometer is supplied with three, optionally four, sets of light-emitting diodes that generate:

• Measuring flashes: typically 2-5 µs long. Standard color: red-orange, λmax=617 nm, or blue, λmax=455 nm.
• Single-turnover saturating flashes: typically 20-50 µs long. Standard color: red, λmax=630 nm.
• Continuous actinic light: The maximum intensity is 2,500 µmol(photons).m-2.s-1. Standard color: red, λmax=630 nm, or blue, λmax=455 nm.
• Additional far-red light:  (λmax=735 nm) for Photosystem I excitation (optional).

Light intensities and timing are software controlled separately for each LED set. The data are processed and the instrument is controlled by the FluorWin software (Windows 95/98/2000/XP compatible). As an option, the customer can also choose light-emitting diodes of different wavelengths.  Contact Qubit for your specific needs.

The Standard Non-imaging Fluorometer’s capacity can be enhanced by accurate temperature regulation provided by the Thermoregulator and/or Magnetic Stirrer. To learn more about these devices, click: Thermoregulator and Magnetic Stirrer.

FluorWin Software:

• Creates and archives experimental protocols.
• FluorWin Wizard for automated protocols.
• Retrieval and export of experimental data.
• Data manipulation and visualization.

FluorWin software wizard

FluorWin software: graph window:

state transition data:

References:

• Nedbal et al., 1999, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: 48, 154-157,
• Koblizek et al., 2001, Photosynth.Res., 68 (2): 141-152
• Trtilek M. et al. (1997): J. Lumin. 72 (74): 597-599.
• Skotnica J. et al. (2000): Photosynth. Res. 65 (1): 29-40.
• Mock T. and Kroon B.M.A. (2002): Phytochemistry 61, pp. 41-51.
• Mock T. and Valentin K. (2004): J. Phycol. 40, pp. 732-741.
• Nedbal L. et al. (2005): Photosynth. Res. 84: 99-106.
• Shlyk-Kerner O. et al. (2006): Nature 442: 827-830.
• Vaczi P. and Bartak M. (2006): Biol. Plant. 50 (2): 257-264.
• Lazar D. (2006): Functional Plant Biology 33 (1): 9-30.

The Z620 Fast Non-imaging Fluorometer is a Double-modulation fluorometer which measures Chl-fluorescence signal with a time resolution of up to 1 µs and detection limit of 100ng chl/L.  This enables combining PAM measurements with fast kinetic measurements of OJIP and of flash fluorescence induction.  This instrument has two input channels.

The core of the Non-imaging Fluorometer is the measuring optical head containing a standard cuvette for sample suspensions (10 x 10 mm base, up to 4 ml of internal volume). The measuring head is supplied with three sets of light-emitting diodes and a PIN diode detector with 500 kHz/16-bit AD converter. Gain and integration time of the converter are software controlled.

Typical Samples:

• Chloroplasts & thylakoids
• Algae & cyanobacteria
• Small leaves or leaf segments

Fluorometer-Supported Investigations:

• Fluorescence induction
• Pulse amplitude modulation measurements (PAM)
• Fast OJIP transient capture
• Rapid measurements of QA-reoxidation kinetics
• State transitions
• Quenching parameters
• Photochemical yields
• Determination of the effective antenna size in Photosystem II

The Fast Non-imaging Fluorometer is supplied with three, optionally four, sets of light-emitting diodes that generate:

• Measuring flashes: typically 2-5 µs long. Standard color: red-orange, λmax=617 nm, or blue, λmax=455 nm.
• Single-turnover saturating flashes: typically 20-50 µs long. Standard color: red, λmax=630 nm.
• Continuous actinic light: The maximum intensity is 2,500 µmol(photons).m-2.s-1. Standard color: red, λmax=630 nm, or blue, λmax=455 nm.
• Additional far-red light: (λmax=735 nm) for Photosystem I excitation (optional).

Light intensities and timing are software controlled separately for each LED set. The data are processed and the instrument is controlled by the FluorWin software (Windows 95/98/2000/XP compatible). As an option, the customer can also choose light-emitting diodes of different wavelengths. Contact Contact Qubit for your specific needs.

The Fast Non-imaging Fluorometer’s capacity can be enhanced by accurate temperature regulation provided by the Thermoregulator and/or Magnetic Stirrer.

FluorWin Software

• Creates and archives of experimental protocols.
• FluorWin Wizard for automated protocols.
• Retrieval and export of experimental data.
• Data manipulation and visualization.

FluorWin software wizard:

FluorWin software: graph window

state transitions data:

References:

• Nedbal et al., 1999, J. Photochem. Photobiol. B: 48, 154-157,
• Koblizek et al., 2001, Photosynth.Res., 68 (2): 141-152
• Trtilek M. et al. (1997): J. Lumin. 72 (74): 597-599.
• Skotnica J. et al. (2000): Photosynth. Res. 65 (1): 29-40.
• Mock T. and Kroon B.M.A. (2002): Phytochemistry 61, pp. 41-51.
• Mock T. and Valentin K. (2004): J. Phycol. 40, pp. 732-741.
• Nedbal L. et al. (2005): Photosynth. Res. 84: 99-106.
• Shlyk-Kerner O. et al. (2006): Nature 442: 827-830.
• Vaczi P. and Bartak M. (2006): Biol. Plant. 50 (2): 257-264.
• Lazar D. (2006): Functional Plant Biology 33 (1): 9-30.

The Z650 High-Sensitivity Fluorometer with its detection limit of 1 ng Chl/l allows measuring of fluorescence induction and of QA reoxidation kinetics with pico-molar chlorophyll concentrations.  The typical experimental material is natural water with phytoplankton.

The core of the instrument is an integrating Teflon sphere containing the liquid sample. The optical ports of the sphere are supplied with three sets of light-emitting diodes and with an avalanche photodiode detector. As an option, the instrument can be supplied with a second detector to capture fluorescence transients in alternative spectral band. Contact Qubit for your specific needs. Measuring flashes, single-turnover saturating flashes, and continuous actinic light are of blue color, λmax=455 nm. Light intensities and timing are software controlled separately for each LED set.

Typical Samples:

• Natural water with phytoplankton
• Chloroplasts & thylakoids
• Algae & cyanobacteria

Fluorometer-Supported Investigations:

• Fluorescence induction
• Pulse amplitude modulation measurements (PAM)
• Fast OJIP transient capture
• Rapid measurements of QA-reoxidation kinetics
• State transitions
• Quenching parameters
• Photochemical yields
• Determination of the effective antenna size in Photosystem II

FluorWin Software:

• Creates and archives experimental protocols.
• FluorWin Wizard for automated protocols.
• Retrieval and export of experimental data.
• Data manipulation and visualization.

FluorWin software: wizard window

FluorWin software: graph window

State transition data window:

References:

• Koblizek et al. 2005, FEMS Microbiology Ecology 51, 353-361).

The Z660 On-line Ultra-High Sensitivity Fluorometer is an exceptionally compact and effective measuring system that integrates numerous operating elements in a minimum of space. This On-line Ultra-High Sensitivity Fluorometer is easily operated via the front touch screen and keypad. It excels in particularly high sensitivity – 0.1 ng Chl/l – and highly accurate timing of the programmed events. Integrated web interface (optional) allows remote control of the experiments.

Highlights:

• Compact and powerful measuring system
• Simple operation via the touch screen
• Ultra-high sensitivity
• Web interface – remote control of currently running experiments (optional)

Touch Screen- parameter settings

Typical Samples:

• Natural water with phytoplankton
• Chloroplasts & thylakoids
• Algae & cyanobacteria

Fluorometer-Supported Investigations:

• Fluorescence induction
• Pulse amplitude modulation measurements (PAM)Fast OJIP transient capture
• Rapid measurements of QA-reoxidation kinetics
• State transitions
• Quenching parameters Photochemical yield determination of the effective antenna size in Photosystem II

FluorWin Software:

• Remote control of the experiments
• Data collection in real time
• Data upload even when the experiment is running
• Data visualization in graphs
• Further processing of data sheets in Excel accessible format

FluorWin software wizard:

State transitions:

graph window:

The Z640 Submersible Fluorometer is designed to measure fluorescence of underwater organisms – plants, corals, or seaweed. The measuring compartment is equipped with a holder that allows easy manipulation under water. Maximum operating depth of the instrument is ca 1 meter (40 inches). The Submersible Fluorometer is supplied with three sets of light-emitting diodes and a PIN diode detector with 1 MHz/16-bit AD converter and software controlled gain and integration time.

The light-emitting diodes of Z640 Submersible Fluorometer can generate

• Measuring flashes: typically 2-5 µs long. Standard color is red-orange (λmax=617 nm).
• Single-turnover saturating flashes: typically 20-50 µs long. Standard color is red (λmax=630 nm).
• Continuous actinic light of the maximum intensity of 1,500 µmol (photons)/m-2/s. Standard color is red (λmax=630 nm

The Z640 Submersible Fluorometer has light intensities and timing controlled by software, separately for each LED set. The data are processed and the instrument is controlled by the Windows 95/98/2000/XP compatible FluorWin software.

FluorWin Software:

• Creates and archives experimental protocols.
• FluorWin Wizard for automated protocols.
• Retrieval and export of experimental data.
• Data manipulation and visualization.

FluorWin software wizard:

Software graph window:

References:

• Hill R. and Ralph P. (2006): Photochem. Photobiol. 82 (6): 1577-1585.

Z900 Algal Online Monitor is a flow through, portable and robust device for online detection and continuous monitoring of photosynthetic microorganisms in both natural and artificial water bodies. It detects and discriminates among variety of cyanobacteria, green and brown algae, diatoms, and other microbes. Its ultra-high sensitivity (30 ng Chl/l) allows early detection of very low concentrations of these organisms.

Measured / Calculated Parameters:

• FT : Instantaneous Fluorescence
• QY: Quantum Yield
• OJIP – Fix Area: total area above the OJIP fluorescence transient. This parameter correlates with total change of fluorescence signal in OJIP protocol, with total pigment content and hence with cell concentration.
• OD measurements at 680 and 720nm

Features:

• Ultra-high sensitive, flow-through monitoring.
• Detection limit 30 ng Chl/l.
• Wide range of detected organisms: cyanobacteria, green and brown algae, diatoms, and other microorganisms.
• Variable excitation colors.
• Turbidity measurement.
• Device modifications for phycoerythrin or phycocyanin (optional).
• Ability to activate alarms/pumps when threshold values of measured parameters are reached
• rugged construction for field use

Applications:

• Water treatment monitoring.
• Early detection of potentially harmful algae blooms.
• Effective control of water treatment chemicals.

FluorPen 1.0 Software

• Real-time data collection for online measurements.
• Both internal data storage and external communication.
• Data export to Excel for analysis or visualization applications.
• Windows 2000* and Windows XP* compatibility.

FluorPen graph and data window

Technical Specification:

• Measured Fluorescence Parameters: FT, QY, OJIP – Fix Area
• Detection Limit: Algae – 10 cells/ml, Cyanobacteria – 100 cells/ml
• Actinic and Saturating Light Intensity: Adjustable from 0 to 3,000 µmol(photons)/m².s
• Measuring Light Intensity: Blue (455 nm) and red (630 nm) measuring light adjustable by intensity, Blue (455 nm) and amber (590 nm) measuring light adjustable by intensity
• Detector Wavelength Range: PIN photodiode with 660 nm – 750 nm bandpass filters
• Sample Compartment: Flow-through cuvette made of quartz glass
• FluorPen 1.0 Software: Windows 2000, XP or higher
• Bios: Upgradeable firmware
• Communication: Serial RS 232, RS 485
• Display: AOM 2800: 2 x 16 characters LC display, AOM 2700: without display
• Memory Capacity: 4 Mb – up to 100,000 data points (about 300 OJIP curves)
• Power Supply: 24 V (optionally 12 V)
• Power Saving Mode: Automatic
• Case: IP65
• Temperature Range: 0 to 45 ºC
• Dimensions: 20 x 23 x 11 cm
• Weight: 3.4 kg

Z985 Cuvette AquaPen

The Z985 Cuvette AquaPen includes the protocol update and software plus data transfer option with bluetooth, USB or serial communication technology.  A Probe (Z980) version of the AquaPen allows the same measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in suspension by directly placing the probe in the suspension medium.

Applications:

• Photosynthesis research of algal and cyanobacterial suspensions
• Photosynthesis education
• Phycology
• Limnology
• Oceanography
• Biotechnology

measured/calculated parameters:

• FT: Instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence. Ft is equivalent to Fo if the sample is dark-adapted.
• QY: Quantum Yield. QY is a measure of the Photosystem II efficiency. QY is equivalent to Fv/Fm in dark-adapted samples and to Fv’/Fm’ in light-adapted samples.
• OJIP: Chlorophyll fluorescence transient. OJIP measurement is used as an important biophysical signal that reflects the time course of photosynthesis
• NPQ: Non-photochemical quenching. NPQ indicates thermal dissipation of absorbed light energy during photosynthesis.
• LC: Light Curve. LC1 and LC2 protocols serve to describe adaptation of QY to 5 or 6 light levels.
• Optical Density : by two IR LEDs (735 nm, 680 nm)

Software:

• FluorPen 1.0 software (Windows 2000, XP, or higher compatible*)
• Bluetooth, USB or serial communication
• Real-time and remote control functions
• Export to Microsoft Excel
• GPS mapping plug-in (optional)

NPQ Protocol Includes Five Measurements in Actinic Light
and Three Measurements During Dark Relaxation.
NPQ_Ln = (FM – FM_Ln) / FM_Ln
NPQ_Lss = (FM – FM_Lss) / FM_Lss
NPQ_Dn = (FM – FM_Dn) / FM_Dn

OJIP cuve with data sheet

Explanation of OJIP Parameters:

• Bckg = background
• F0: = F50µs; fluorescence intensity at 50 µs
• FJ: = fluorescence intensity at j-step (at 2 ms)
• Fi: = fluorescence intensity at i-step (at 60 ms)
• FM: = maximal fluorescence intensity
• FV: = FM – F0 (maximal variable fluorescence)
• VJ = (FJ – F0) / (FM – F0)
• Vi = (Fi – F0) / (FM – F0)
• FM / F0
• FV / F0
• FV/ FM
• M0 or (dV / dt)0 = TR0 / RC – ET0 / RC = 4 (F300 – F0) / (FM – F0)
• Area = area between fluorescence curve and FM (background subtracted)
• Fix Area = total area above the OJIP fluorescence transient – between F40µ and F1s(background subtracted)
• SM = area / FM – F0 (multiple turn-over)
• Ss = the smallest Sm turn-over (single turn-over)
• N = SM . M0 . (1 / VJ) turn-over number QA
• Phi_P0 = 1 – (F0 / FM (or FV / FM)
• Psi_0 = 1 – VJ
• Phi_E0 = (1 – F0 / FM)) . Psi_0
• Phi_D0 = 1 – Phi_P0 – (F0 / FM)
• Phi_Pav = Phi_P0 – (SM / tFM); tFM) = Time to reach FM (in ms)
• ABS / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ) . (1 / Phi_P0)
• TR0 / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ)
• ET0 / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ) . Phi_0)
• DI0 / RC = (ABS / RC) – (TR0 / RC)

Formulas Derived From:
R.J. Strasser, A. Srivastava and M. Tsimilli-Michael (2000): The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen photosynthetic samples. In: Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanism, Regulation and Adaptation (M. Yunus, U. Pathre and P. Mohanty, eds.), Taylor and Francis, UK, Chapter 25, pp 445-483.

Light Curve data

Specifications:

• Measured/Calculated Parameters:F0 , FT , FM , FM ‘ , QY, OJIP, NPQ, LC 1, LC 2, OD 680 , OD 720
• Actinic and Saturating Light: Adjustable from 0 to 3,000 µmol (photons).m-2.s-1
• Measuring Light: Red and blue measuring lights adjustable by intensity
• Detector Wavelength Range: PIN photodiode with 667 to 750 nm bandpass filters
• FluorPen 1.0 Software: for Windows 2000, XP, or higher
• Memory Capacity: Up to 4 Mb
• Internal Data Logging: Up to 100,000 data points
• Display: 2 x 8 characters LC display
• Keypad: Sealed, 2-key tactile response
• Keypad Escape Time: Turns off after 3 minutes of no use
• Power Supply: 4 AAA alkaline or rechargeable batteries
• Battery Life: 48 hours typical with full operation
• Low Battery Detection: Low battery indication displayed
• Size: 140 x 55 x 30 mm
• Weight: 300 g, 10.6 oz
• Sample Holder: 4 ml cuvette
• Operating Conditions: Temperature: 0 to 55 ºC; 32 to 130 ºF. Relative humidity: 0 to 95 % (non-condensing)
• Storage Conditions: Temperature: -10 to +60 ºC; 14 to +140 ºF. Relative humidity: 0 to 95 % (non-condensing)
• Warranty: 1 year parts and labor

References:

• Piovar J. Stavrou E, Kaducova J, Kimakova T, Backor M.  Influence of long-term exposure to copper on the lichen photobiont Trebouxia erici and the free-living algae Scenedesmus quadricauda: Plant Growth Regulation (2010) doi:10.1007/s10725-010-9515-4
• Vandamme D.  Foubert I, Meesschaert B, Muylaert K.   Flocculation of microalgae using cationic starch: Journal of Applied Phycology (2010) 22:525-530
• Gao Q.T. and N.F.Y. Tam. Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum, to nonylphenol stress: Chemosphere (2010) doi:10.1016
• Kvíderová J.  Rapid algal toxicity assay using variable chlorophyll fluorescence for Chlorella kessleri (Chlorophyta): Environmental Toxicology (2010) doi:10.1002

The Z980 Probe AquaPen includes the Protocol Update and Software, plus Data Transfer option with Bluetooth, USB or serial communication technology.  A cuvette (Z985) version of the AquaPen allows the same chlorophyll fluorescence measurements in suspension contained in a 4 ml cuvette

Applications:

• Photosynthesis Research of algae and cyanobacteria
• Photosynthesis Education
• Phycology
• Limnology
• Oceanography
• Biotechnology

measured/calculated parameters:

• FT: Instantaneous chlorophyll fluorescence. Ft is equivalent to Fo if the sample is dark-adapted.
• QY: Quantum Yield. QY is a measure of the Photosystem II efficiency. QY is equivalent to Fv/Fm in dark-adapted samples and to Fv’/Fm’ in light-adapted samples.
• OJIP: Chlorophyll fluorescence transient. OJIP measurement is used as an important biophysical signal that reflects the time course of photosynthesis
• NPQ: Non-photochemical quenching. NPQ indicates thermal dissipation of absorbed light energy during photosynthesis.
• LC: Light Curve. LC1 and LC2 protocols serve to describe adaptation of QY to 5 or 6 light levels.

Software:

• FluorPen 1.0 software (Windows 2000, XP, or higher compatible*)
• Bluetooth, USB or serial communication
• Real-time and remote control functions
• Export to Microsoft Excel
• GPS mapping plug-in (optional)

NPQ Protocol Includes Five Measurements in Actinic Light
and Three Measurements During Dark Relaxation.
NPQ_Ln = (FM – FM_Ln) / FM_Ln
NPQ_Lss = (FM – FM_Lss) / FM_Lss
NPQ_Dn = (FM – FM_Dn) / FM_Dn

OJIP cuve with data sheet

Explanation of OJIP Parameters:

• Bckg = background
• F0: = F50µs; fluorescence intensity at 50 µs
• FJ: = fluorescence intensity at j-step (at 2 ms)
• Fi: = fluorescence intensity at i-step (at 60 ms)
• FM: = maximal fluorescence intensity
• FV: = FM – F0 (maximal variable fluorescence)
• VJ = (FJ – F0) / (FM – F0)
• Vi = (Fi – F0) / (FM – F0)
• FM / F0
• FV / F0
• FV/ FM
• M0 or (dV / dt)0 = TR0 / RC – ET0 / RC = 4 (F300 – F0) / (FM – F0)
• Area = area between fluorescence curve and FM (background subtracted)
• Fix Area = total area above the OJIP fluorescence transient – between F40µ and F1s(background subtracted)
• SM = area / FM – F0 (multiple turn-over)
• Ss = the smallest Sm turn-over (single turn-over)
• N = SM . M0 . (1 / VJ) turn-over number QA
• Phi_P0 = 1 – (F0 / FM (or FV / FM)
• Psi_0 = 1 – VJ
• Phi_E0 = (1 – F0 / FM)) . Psi_0
• Phi_D0 = 1 – Phi_P0 – (F0 / FM)
• Phi_Pav = Phi_P0 – (SM / tFM); tFM) = Time to reach FM (in ms)
• ABS / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ) . (1 / Phi_P0)
• TR0 / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ)
• ET0 / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ) . Phi_0)
• DI0 / RC = (ABS / RC) – (TR0 / RC)

Formulas Derived From:
R.J. Strasser, A. Srivastava and M. Tsimilli-Michael (2000): The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen photosynthetic samples. In: Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanism, Regulation and Adaptation (M. Yunus, U. Pathre and P. Mohanty, eds.), Taylor and Francis, UK, Chapter 25, pp 445-483.

Light Curve data

Specifications:

• Measured/Calculated Parameters: F0, FT, FM, FM’ , QY, OJIP, NPQ, LC 1, LC 2,
• Actinic and Saturating Light: Adjustable from 0 to 3,000 µmol (photons) m-2 s-1
• Measuring Light: Blue measuring light adjustable by intensity
• Detector Wavelength Range: PIN photodiode with 667 to 750 nm bandpass filters
• FluorPen 1.0 Software for Windows 2000, XP, or higher
• Memory Capacity: Up to 4 Mb
• Internal Data Logging: Up to 100,000 data points
• Display: 2 x 8 characters LC display
• Keypad: Sealed, 2-key tactile response
• Keypad Escape Time: Turns off after 3 minutes of no use
• Power Supply: 4 AAA alkaline or rechargeable batteries
• Battery Life: 48 hours typical with full operation
• Low Battery Detection: Low battery indication displayed
• Size: 210 x 55 x 30 mm (including the probe)
• Weight: 300 g (10.6 oz)
• Sample Holder: Submersible optical probe
• Operating Conditions: Temperature: 0 to +55ºC; 32 to +130ºF, Relative humidity: 0 to 95% (non-condensing)
• Storage Conditions: Temperature: -10 to +60ºC; 14 to +140ºF, Relative humidity: 0 to 95% (non-condensing)
• Warranty: 1 year parts and labor

References:

• Piovar J. Stavrou E, Kaducova J, Kimakova T, Backor M.  Influence of long-term exposure to copper on the lichen photobiont Trebouxia erici and the free-living algae Scenedesmus quadricauda: Plant Growth Regulation (2010) doi:10.1007/s10725-010-9515-4
• Vandamme D.  Foubert I, Meesschaert B, Muylaert K.   Flocculation of microalgae using cationic starch: Journal of Applied Phycology (2010) 22:525-530
• Gao Q.T. and N.F.Y. Tam. Growth, photosynthesis and antioxidant responses of two microalgal species, Chlorella vulgaris and Selenastrum capricornutum, to nonylphenol stress: Chemosphere (2010) doi:10.1016
• Kvíderová J.  Rapid algal toxicity assay using variable chlorophyll fluorescence for Chlorella kessleri (Chlorophyta): Environmental Toxicology (2010) doi:10.1002

Z995 FluorPen PAR includes all the features of the Z990 FluorPen with all the extra options i.e. it measures Ft, QY, NPQ, OJIP, and Light Curve (QY).

In additions,  the FluorPen PAR incorporates an integrated Light Meter for direct digital readouts of Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) in the range from 400 to 700 nm, the span in which plants use energy during photosynthesis.  A modified Z995-D is adapted for use with detachable leaf clips for quick dark adaptation of leaves before the commencement of measurements (10 leaf clips included)

PAR is measured as Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD), which is indicated by units of quanta (photons) per unit time per unit surface area. The sensor has a uniform response to photons withing the 400-700 nm waveband. Instant readouts are provided as average values of 20 measurements.

Measured Parameters:

• Ft - continuous fluorescence yield in non-actinic light. Ft is equivalent to Fo if the leaf sample is dark-adapted.
• QY - Photosystem II quantum yield. In a dark-adapted leaf this is equivalent to Fv/Fm. In a light-adapted leaf it is equivalent to Fv‘/Fm‘.
• OJIP – Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction Kinetics
• NPQ – Non-Photochemical Quenching
• Light Curve – Adaptation of Quantum Yield to Several Different Light Levels
• PAR - Photosynthetically Active Radiation

Measuring light power is adjustable by flash duration; actinic and saturating flashes are adjustable from 0 to 3,000 µmol photons/m2/s.

Herbicide Application:

• Improvement of the effectivity of herbicide application
• Testing of new herbicides
• High reduction of herbicide use

Photosynthesis Research:

• Field measurement
• Mutant screening
• Stress detection

Agronomy and Forestry:

• Mapping by fluorescence parameters
• Nutrient – Fertilizer analysis

Software :

• FluorPen 1.0 software (Windows 2000, XP, or higher compatible*)
• Bluetooth, USB or serial communication
• Real-time and remote control functions
• Export to Microsoft Excel
• GPS mapping plug-in (extra option)

Specifications:

• Measured Parameters: Fo, Ft, Fm, Fm’, Kautsky induction (OJIP), Fast kinetics
• Actinic and Saturating Light: Adjustable from 0-3000 uE
• Measuring Light: Adjustable by duration
• Detector Wavelength: Range PIN photodiode with 697nm – 750nm bandpass filters
• FluorPen Software: Windows 2000, XP, or higher
• Sample Holder: Mechanical leaf clip
• Bios Upgradeable firmware
• Communication:  Bluetooth 1.1 or USB/serial port
• Memory Capacity: Up to 4Mb
• Internal Data: Logging Up to 100,000 data points
• Display: 2 x 8 characters LC display
• Keypad: Sealed, 2-key tactile response
• Keypad Escape Time: Turns off after 5 minutes of no use
• Power Save Mode: Autosleep
• Power Supply: 4 AAA alkaline or rechargeable batteries
• Battery Lif:e 70 hours typical with full operation
• Low Battery Detection: Low battery indication displayed
• Size: 57 x 30 x 120 mm
• Weight: 180 gOperating Conditions: Temperature: 0 to +55ºC; 32 to +130ºF Relative humidity: 0 to 95% (non-condensing)
• Storage Conditions: Temperature: -10 to +60ºC; 14 to +140ºF Relative humidity: 0 to 95% (non-condensing)
• Warranty: 1 year parts and labor

FluorPen data capture screen:Light Curve data capture screen:

NPQ Protocol Includes Five Measurements in Actinic Light and three measurements during dark relaxation.
NPQ_Ln = (FM – FM_Ln) / FM_Ln
NPQ_Lss = (FM – FM_Lss) / FM_Lss
NPQ_Dn = (FM – FM_Dn) / FM_Dn

NPQ data capture screen:

References:

• Fernandez-Marin B. Becerril JM, Garcia-Plazaola JI.  Unravelling the roles of desiccation-induced xanthophyll cycle activity in darkness: a case study in Lobaria pulmonary: Planta 231:1335–1342 (2010)

• Ruiz-Sanchez. M. et al. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances the photosynthetic efficiency and the antioxidative response of rice plants subjected to drought stress: Journal of Plant Physiology 167(11):862-869 (2010)

• Harding SA et al. Journal of Experimental Botany 60: 3443-3452 (2009)
• Zhang M. et al. : Ecology and Environmemtal Sciences 18 (6): 2272-2277 (2009).
• Kuvykin I.V. et al. Computer simulation study of pH-dependent regulation of electron transport in chloroplasts: Cell Biophysics 54(4):455-464 (2009)
• Woo N.S. Badger MR, Pogson BJ.  A rapid, non-invasive procedure for quantitative assessment of drought survival using chlorophyll fluorescence: Plant Methods 4(27) (2008)

Z990 FluorPen

The basic standard FluorPen model measures two parameters:

• Ft - continuous fluorescence yield in non-actinic light. Ft is equivalent to Fo if the leaf sample is dark-adapted.
• QY - Photosystem II quantum yield. In a dark-adapted leaf this is equivalent to Fv/Fm. In a light-adapted leaf it is equivalent to Fv‘/Fm‘.

More sophisticated FluorPen models can measure:

• OJIP – Chlorophyll Fluorescence Induction Kinetics
• NPQ – Non-Photochemical Quenching
• Light Curve – Adaptation of Quantum Yield to Several Different Light Levels

Ft and QY data are stored in the FluorPen memory after they are measured. Each value is numbered sequentially and may be recalled for transcription to a computer. Measuring light power is adjustable by flash duration; actinic and saturating flashes are adjustable from 0 to 3,000 µmol photons/m2/s.

Herbicide Application:

• Improvement of the effectiveness of herbicide application
• Testing of new herbicides
• High reduction of herbicide use

Photosynthesis Research:

• Field measurement
• Mutant screening
• Stress detection

Agronomy and Forestry:

• Mapping by fluorescence parameters
• Nutrient – Fertilizer analysis

Software (optional):

• FluorPen 2.0 software (Windows 2000, XP, or higher compatible)
• Bluetooth, USB or serial communication
• Real-time and remote control functions
• Export to Microsoft Excel
• GPS mapping plug-in (extra option)

For fully loaded FluorPen, including a PAR meter please see Z995 FluorPen PAR.

FluorPen data capture screen:

Light Curve data capture screen:

NPQ Protocol Includes Five Measurements in Actinic Light and three measurements during dark relaxation.

• NPQ_Ln = (FM – FM_Ln) / FM_Ln
• NPQ_Lss = (FM – FM_Lss) / FM_Lss
• NPQ_Dn = (FM – FM_Dn) / FM_Dn

NPQ data capture screen:

OJIP measurements capture screen:

Explanation of OJIP Parameters:

• Bckg = background
• F0: = F50µs; fluorescence intensity at 50 µs
• FJ: = fluorescence intensity at j-step (at 2 ms)
• Fi: = fluorescence intensity at i-step (at 60 ms)
• FM: = maximal fluorescence intensity
• FV: = FM – F0 (maximal variable fluorescence)
• VJ = (FJ – F0) / (FM – F0)
• Vi = (Fi – F0) / (FM – F0)
• FM / F0
• FV / F0
• FV/ FM
• M0 or (dV / dt)0 = TR0 / RC – ET0 / RC = 4 (F300 – F0) / (FM – F0)
• Area = area between fluorescence curve and FM (background subtracted)
• Fix Area = total area above the OJIP fluorescence transient – between F40µ and F1s(background subtracted)
• SM = area / FM – F0 (multiple turn-over)
• Ss = the smallest Sm turn-over (single turn-over)
• N = SM . M0 . (1 / VJ) turn-over number QA
• Phi_P0 = 1 – (F0 / FM (or FV / FM)
• Psi_0 = 1 – VJ
• Phi_E0 = (1 – F0 / FM)) . Psi_0
• Phi_D0 = 1 – Phi_P0 – (F0 / FM)
• Phi_Pav = Phi_P0 – (SM / tFM); tFM) = Time to reach FM (in ms)
• ABS / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ) . (1 / Phi_P0)
• TR0 / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ)
• ET0 / RC = M0 . (1 / VJ) . Phi_0)
• DI0 / RC = (ABS / RC) – (TR0 / RC)

Formulas Derived From:

R.J. Strasser, A. Srivastava and M. Tsimilli-Michael (2000): The fluorescence transient as a tool to characterize and screen photosynthetic samples. In: Probing Photosynthesis: Mechanism, Regulation and Adaptation (M. Yunus, U. Pathre and P. Mohanty, eds.), Taylor and Francis, UK, Chapter 25, pp 445-483.

Specifications:

• Measured Parameters: Fo, Ft, Fm, Fm’ (standard), Kautsky induction (OJIP), Fast kinetics (optional)
• Actinic and Saturating Light: Adjustable from 0-3000 uE
• Measuring Light: Adjustable by duration
• Detector Wavelength: Range PIN photodiode with 697nm – 750nm bandpass filters
• FluorPen Software: Windows 2000, XP, or higher
• Sample Holder: Mechanical leaf clip
• Bios Upgradeable firmware
• Communication:  Bluetooth 1.1 or USB/serial port (optional)
• Memory Capacity: Up to 4Mb
• Internal Data: Logging Up to 100,000 data points
• Display: 2 x 8 characters LC display
• Keypad: Sealed, 2-key tactile response
• Keypad Escape Time: Turns off after 5 minutes of no use
• Power Save Mode: Autosleep
• Power Supply: 4 AAA alkaline or rechargeable batteries
• Battery Lif:e 70 hours typical with full operation
• Low Battery Detection: Low battery indication displayed
• Size: 57 x 30 x 120 mm
• Weight: 180 g
• Operating Conditions: Temperature: 0 to +55ºC; 32 to +130ºF Relative humidity: 0 to 95% (non-condensing)
• Storage Conditions: Temperature: -10 to +60ºC; 14 to +140ºF Relative humidity: 0 to 95% (non-condensing)
• Warranty: 1 year parts and labor

References:

• Fernandez-Marin B. Becerril JM, Garcia-Plazaola JI.  Unravelling the roles of desiccation-induced xanthophyll cycle activity in darkness: a case study in Lobaria pulmonary: Planta 231:1335–1342 (2010)
• Ruiz-Sanchez. M. et al. The arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis enhances the photosynthetic efficiency and the antioxidative response of rice plants subjected to drought stress: Journal of Plant Physiology 167(11):862-869 (2010)
• Frolec J,  Rebıcek J, Lazar D, Naus J, Impact of two different types of heat stress on chloroplast movement and fluorescence signal of tobacco leaves.  Plant Cell Rep 29:705–714 (2010)
• Harding SA et al. A comparative analysis of phenylpropanoid metabolism, N utilization, and carbon partitioning in fast- and slow-growing Populus hybrid clones.  Journal of Experimental Botany 60: 3443-3452 (2009)
• Zhang M. et al. : Ecology and Environmemtal Sciences 18 (6): 2272-2277 (2009).
• Kuvykin I.V. et al. Computer simulation study of pH-dependent regulation of electron transport in chloroplasts: Cell Biophysics 54(4):455-464 (2009)
• Chitu E, Ionita AD, Cirjaliu-Murgea M, Chitu V, Filipescu L.  Evaluation of Foliar Nutritive Fluids Effect on Apple Photosystem II Efficiency using Chlorophyll Fluorescence Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 66(1)/(2009) Print ISSN 1843-5254; Electronic ISSN 1843-5394
• Macek P, Mackova J, de Bello F. Morphological and ecophysiological traits shaping altitudinal distribution of three Polylepis treeline species in the dry tropical Andes. Acta Oecologica 35 778–785 (2009) 
• Rosescu MR,Andrei M. The study of photosystem II efficiency on selected synanthropic plant species.  Annals, Food Science and technology V10, pg 115-119 (2009)
• Woo N.S. Badger MR, Pogson BJ.  A rapid, non-invasive procedure for quantitative assessment of drought survival using chlorophyll fluorescence: Plant Methods 4(27) (2008)