The Q-Box RP1LP Low Range Respiration Package provides the user with all of the materials required to measure the metabolic rate of small animals such as mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects and other invertebrates in an open-flow or closed-flow gas exchange system.  The Package can even be used for measurements of CO2 and O2 exchange in colonies of fungi and microorganisms.  Open flow measurements are used for measurements of larger, or more metabolically active samples, whereas for measurements of very small changes in pO2 the system is used in a closed-flow configuration in which gases are re-circulated through the system and cumulative O2 consumption is measured over time.

The concentration of CO2 and O2 in the gas that is supplied to the animal chamber or flask is determined using the Q-S151 infrared CO2 gas analyzer and the fuel cell Q-S102 O2 Analyzer.  The gas is pumped at a known flow rate (adjusted by the Q-P651 Gas Pump and Q-G265 Flow Monitor) through the chamber containing the subject material.  The concentration of CO2 and O2 in the outflow gas is determined using the Q-S151 CO2 Analyzer and Q-S102 O2 Analyzer.  Analog signals from all of the sensors are converted to digital signals via two integrated interfaces (6 available channels).  Data are displayed, recorded and manipulated on a PC or Macintosh computer using Logger Pro software. Changes in the concentrations of CO2 and O2 in the outflow gas can be monitored in real time.  Metabolic rate can be calculated from the change in O2 and CO2 and the flow rate.

The Q-Box RP1LP also includes a temperature sensor (S132) which can be placed in the animal chamber to allow investigations into the effect of temperature on metabolic rate, and to correct metabolic rates measured at different temperatures to a standard temperature, assuming a given Q10.

The Q-Box RP1LP Package can be used to investigate animal metabolic responses to exercise, to different diets, to the administration of pharmaceuticals and to various concentrations of O2 and CO2 in the gas supplied to the sample chamber.  Gas mixtures can be supplied via 2 large gas bags (supplied with the system) or, for longer term experiments like hibernation studies, from a compressed gas source.

Other potential applications for this package include measurements of metabolism from aquatic suspensions.  For example, measurement of yeast fermentation in which air or N2 gas is bubbled through a yeast suspension and the outflow gas is analyzed using the Q-S102 O2 Analyzer and Q-S151 CO2 Analyzer.  Air can also be pumped through a soil chamber or a covered petri dish.  In summary, the Q-Box RP1LP can be used to measure the O2 consumption rate and CO2 production rate of virtually any biological system in which these changes in pCO2 and pO2 are in the ranges measured by the analyzers.

The Q-Box RP1LP Low Range Respiration Package Includes:

• Q-P651 Gas Pump (4L/min no load)
• G113 Animal Chamber (1.6x10cm)
• G115 Animal Chamber (3.8x20cm)
• G119 Animal Chamber Accessories Kit
• G122 Large Gas Bags
• Q-G265 Flow Monitor (0-2L/min)
• Q-S102 O2 Analyzer (0-100%)
• S132 Stainless Steel Temperature Probe
• Q-S151 CO2 Analyzer (0-2000ppm) (Includes CO2 and H2O scrubbers)
• C610 two intergrated LabQuest Mini data interfaces
• C901 Logger Pro Software
• C404 Customized Setup Software
• Q-Box Accessory Kit
• Rugged water-proof case housing all analyzers and sensors
• Manual
• individual power supplies for stand alone use of the analyzers and sensors

Optional component:

• A248 Battery Pack and charger (for use in the field)

Sample data with a single caterpillar in an open-flow system:

sample data with a cricket in a closed-flow system:

Q-Box RP1LP software provides calculation templates for VCO2 only with RQ assumptions, and VCO2 and VO2 determinations in an open flow system.

The Q-Box RP1LP Low Range Respiration Package, can easily be adapted to work as Q-Box CO650 Plant CO2 Analysis Package for measurements of photosynthesis, photorespiration and respiration in leaves by purchasing a G112 Flow Through Leaf Chamber, Q-A101 Lab Stand, and the A113 LED Light Source.  For more information on Q-Box RP1LP Low Range Respiration Package please contact Qubit.

MCGES – Multichannel Gas Exchange System allows studies of metabolism and physiology of living organisms via measurements of gas exchange. Qubit Systems can provide Gas Exchange Systems customized to your specifications and needs, to study photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, N2-fixation and other processes.

MCGES-Multichannel Gas Exchange System may be controlled by the C950 Multichannel Gas Exchange Software to measure the flow of gases to the samples, through the sample chambers and to the gas analyzers. The C950 software controls all data acquisition from the sensors and analyzers, graphically displays the data and calculates gas exchange rates as required. Please  Contact QUBIT with your specifications and we will design your gas exchange system.

In a MCGES the reference gas may be supplied to the system from an air pump or from compressed gas tanks or an air compressor. If several gas mixtures are to be used then a gas mixing system is included (G400). Gasses can be humidified and dehumidified using a humidity controller.

In a multichannel system the gas enters the flow controller where it is split between sample channels, the flow in each channel being controlled by needle valves and measured by separate mass flow monitor. Gas Flow Controllers are available for any number of channels in multiples of four (4 (G248), 8 (G245) channels etc).

Gas enters each sample chamber which may or may not be temperature controlled. The structure of the chamber will depend on the organism. At Qubit, we can build chambers to your specifications. The effluent gas from each chamber enters a Gas Switcher (4 channel - G243, 8 channel – G244) that selects one of the channels for analysis, and vents the others to the atmosphere. Alternatively, the gas flow through the non-selected channels may be stopped, sealing that channel.

Gas from the selected channel is analyzed by one or several analyzers that may be arranged in a series or in parallel. Qubit supplies a wide range of analyzers for measuring CO2, O2, water vapor, H2, CH₄, N2O and other gases. Different analyzers are available across a wide range of gas concentrations and offer various features such as on board data acquisitions, rapid response times etc. We also offer gas conditioning columns, such as scrubbers for water and CO2 (A382).

Qubit Systems personnel have been designing gas exchange systems for over 30 years, and have published extensively on the physiology of respiration, photosynthesis and nitrogen fixation. We are committed to providing researchers with the most appropriate gas exchange system for a particular application at the best possible price, and we are always available to provide expert advice freely without obligation.   Contact QUBIT for furhter information.

References:

• M. R. Odiere, K. G. Koski, H. A. Weiler and M. E. Scott. Concurrent nematode infection and pregnancy induce physiological responses that impair linear growth in the murine foetus. Parasitology Vol 137,  p991-1002 (2010).

• Jumbo-Lucioni P, Ayroles JF, Chambers MM, Jorday KW, Leips J, Mackay TFC, DeLuca M. Systems Genetics analysis of body weight and energy metabolism traits in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics:11 p297- 309 (2010)

S500 Metabolic Analyzer (Metabox) is the first combined O2 and CO2 analysis system that allows you to take both your lab and your office into the field.  This system is customized to your O2 and CO2 range of analysis.  The system can be provide with only O2 or CO2 analyzer.  The integrated Tough-book hybrid PC provides hours of operation and comes with Qubit’s C950 gas exchange software that may be customized for your specific requirements ( Contact Qubit). View all your data graphically as they are collected, not just a digital display of values, and use whatever additional programs you wish to crunch numbers and prepare reports. The S500 Metabox gives you perfect flexibility and unsurpassed accuracy packaged in a rugged, easy to carry, waterproof case.  Use it in the field (battery pack A247 or A248 optional) or in the lab for your gas exchange measurements.

Features:

• Combined O2 and CO2 Measurements
• Open and Closed System Gas Analysis
• Integrated Gas Pumps
• integrated data acqusition interface
• Integrated Mass Flow Monitors
• Includes Panasonic Tough-book PC
• rugged, waterproof case

Applications:

• Plant photosynthesis and respiration
• Insect Respirometry
• Animal Respirometry
• Soil Respiration
• Atmospheric Monitoring
• Gas Exchange Quotient

S158 CO2 Analyzer is a single channel non-dispersive infrared CO2 analyzer that measures CO2 in 0 to 10% range with better than 0.01% accuracy.  It is ideal for CO2 exchange measurements in larger or more active animals and in situations where high CO2 fluxes may occur, such as fermentation processes. The S158 shares the same infrared technology and modular design as the S157 CO2 Analyzer. The analyzer may be used in a flow-through gas exchange configuration for instantaneous and continuous measurements of CO2 exchange. It can also be used in stop flow or closed system modes. The S158 may also be used as part of Qubit Systems’ carbon dioxide control system for regulating pCO2 in growth cabinet.  We recommend using S158 with our C950 Gas Exchange Software or other data acquisitions software.

Features:

• Switchable ranges of 0 – 5% and 0 – 10% CO2
• 0.01% CO2 on digital display, better resolution in software.
• Non-dispersive infrared technology
• Modulated infrared light source = no moving parts
• 0 – 5 V analog output at both range settings
• Optional battery pack for field use
• Compact and portable
• Weatherproof case

Applications :

• Respirometry in mammals
• Exhaled air analysis in humans
• Compost monitoring
• Monitoring of anaerobic metabolism in yeast colonies
• environmental monitoring

Specifications:

• Operating principle:  Non-dispersive infrared
• Gas sampling mode:  Flowing gas stream, sealed chamber
• Maximum gas flow rate:  650 mL/min
• Measurement range (LCD display):  0 – 10.00%
• Analog output, low sensitivity: 0 – 10%
• Analog output, high sensitivity: 0 – 5%
• Accuracy:   Better than ± 0.5% of full scale
• Repeatability:  Better than ±1% of reading
• Response time (@ 250 mL/min; to 95% of final value):  ca. 30 sec
• Warm up time (@ 22^oC):  ca. 5 min
• Output (linear) for Low Sensitivity setting:  0 – 5 VDC for 0 – 10%
• Output (linear) for High Sensitivity setting:  0 – 5 VDC for 0 – 5%
• Calibration adjustments:  Zero and Span
• Operating temperature range:  0 to 50^oC
• Storage temperature range:  -40 to 70^oC
• Humidity range:  5 to 95% RH, non-condensing (recommend drying gas stream)
• Pressure dependence:  +0.19% reading per mm Hg
• Power requirements:  12 VDC via 120 VAC/60 Hz adapter or
• Current requirements:  175 mA average, 450 mA peak
• Dimensions (cm):  (H x W x D: 25.4 x 10.2 x 15.2)
• Weight:  2.2 kg
• Warranty:  1 year limited

Specifications subject to change without notice

The S157 CO2 Analyzer is a single channel non-dispersive infrared CO2 analyzer that measures CO2 in 0 to 2000 ppm range with 1 ppm resolution.  This CO2 Analyzer is ideal for CO2 exchange measurements with leaves, insects, small animals or organisms with a low metabolic rate. It is also excellent for measuring soil respiratory activity in the lab and field. The analyzer may be used in a flow-through gas exchange configuration for instantaneous and continuous measurements of CO2 exchange. It can also be used in stop flow or closed system modes for measurements at extremely low activity levels. The S157 CO2 Analyzer shares the same infrared technology and modular design as the S158 CO2 Analyzer.  The S157 CO2 Analyzer may also be used as part of Qubit Systems’ carbon dioxide control system for regulating pCO2 in growth cabinet. We recommend using S157 with our C950 Gas Exchange Software or other data acquisitions software.

Features :

• Switchable ranges of 0 – 500 ppm and 0 – 2000 ppm CO2
• 1 ppm carbon dioxide resolution on digital display
• Non-dispersive infrared technology
• Modulated infrared light source = no moving parts
• 0 – 5 V analog output at both range settings
• Optional battery pack for field use
• Compact and portable
• Weatherproof case

Applications :

• Photosynthetic measurements
• Respiration of roots and soil samples
• Respirometry of insects and other invertebrates
• Head space analysis of cell cultures
• Atmospheric monitoring and control
• Respiration of small amphibians

Specifications:

• Operating principle:  Non-dispersive infrared
• Gas sampling mode: Flowing gas stream, sealed chamber
• Maximum gas flow rate: 650 mL/min
• Measurement range (LCD display): 0 – 1999 ppm
• Analog output, low sensitivity: 0 – 2000 ppm
• Analog output, high sensitivity: 0 – 500 ppm
• Accuracy: Better than ± 2% of full scale
• Repeatability:    Better than ±1% of reading
• Maximum drift: (per year)  ±100 ppm
• Response time : (@ 250 mL/min; to 95% of final value) ca. 45 sec Warm up time (@ 22^oC)   ca. 5 min
• Output (linear) for Low Sensitivity setting: 0 – 5 VDC for 0 – 2000 ppm
• Output (linear) for High Sensitivity setting: 0 – 5 VDC for 0 – 500 ppm
• Calibration adjustments :   Zero and Span
• Operating temperature range: 0 to 50^oC
• Storage temperature range:  -40 to 70^oC
• Operating pressure range: ±1.5% local mean pressure
• Humidity range: 5 to 95% RH, non-condensing (recommend drying gas stream)
• Pressure dependence:  +0.19% reading per mm Hg
• Power requirements: 12 VDC via 120 VAC/60 Hz adapter
• Current requirements: 175 mA average, 450 mA peak
• Dimensions: (cm)  (H x W x D: 25.4 x 10.2 x 15.2)
• Weight: 2.2 kg
• Warranty: 1 year limited

Specifications subject to change without notice

References:

• Jumbo-Lucioni P, Ayroles JF, Chambers MM, Jorday KW, Leips J, Mackay TFC, DeLuca M. Systems Genetics analysis of body weight and energy metabolism traits in Drosophila melanogaster. BMC Genomics:11 p297- 309 (2010)

• R. F. Krachler, R. Krachler, A. Stojanovic, B. Wielander, and A. Herzig. Effects of pH on aquatic biodegradation Processes. Biogeosciences Discuss.:6, p491–514 ( 2009).

• Scarpeci TE, Valle EM. Rearrangement of carbon metabolism in Arabidopsis thaliana subjected to oxidative stress condition: an emergency survival strategy.  Plant Growth Regul. 54: 133-142 (2008)

• Busi MV, Maliandi MV, Valdez H, Clemente M, Zabaleta EJ, Araya A, Gomez-Casati DF.  Deficiency of Arabidopsis thaliana Frataxin alters activity of mitochondrial Fe-S proteins and incudes oxidative stress.  The Plant Journal 48: 873-882 (2006)

Q-S153 CO2 Analyzer is a single channel non-dispersive infrared CO2 analyzer which measures CO2 in 0 to 5% an 0 to 10% range with 0.01% resolution.   Q-S153 replaces our S153 CO2 Analyzer.  The same dependable technology has been improved, made more rugged and modular for easy fit in our NEW Q-Box Packages. Q-S153 CO2 analyzer is ideal for CO2 exchange measurements in larger or more active animals and in situations where high CO2 fluxes may occur, such as fermentation processes, human respirometry. Q-S153 may be used in a flow-through gas exchange configuration for instantaneous and continuous measurements of CO2 exchange or as part of Qubit Systems’ carbon dioxide control system for regulating pCO2 in growth cabinets and rooms.

Features :

• Switchable ranges of 0 – 5% and 0 – 10% CO2
• 0.01% CO2 resolution on digital display
• Non-dispersive infrared technology
• Modulated infrared light source = no moving parts
• 0 – 5 V analog output at both range settings
• Optional battery pack for field use
• Compact and portable

Applications :

• Respirometry in mammals
• Exhaled air analysis in humans
• Compost monitoring
• Monitoring of anaerobic metabolism in yeast colonies

The Q-S153 CO2 analyzer is included in the following Qubit laboratory packages:

• Q-Box HR1LP Human Respirometry Package
• Q-Box RP2LP High Range Respiration Package

Specifications:

• Operating principle:  Non-dispersive infrared
• Gas sampling mode:  Flowing gas stream, sealed chamber
• Maximum gas flow rate:  650 mL/min
• Measurement range (LCD display):  0 – 10%
• Analog output, low sensitivity:  0 – 10%
• Analog output, high sensitivity:  0 – 5%
• Accuracy: ± 5% of reading or 0.2%
• Repeatability:  Better than ±1%
• Maximum drift (per year): ±0.5%
• Response time (@ 250 mL/min; to 95% of final value):  ca. 20 sec
• Warm up time (@ 22^oC):  ca. 5 min
• Output (linear) for Low Sensitivity setting:  0 – 5 VDC for 0 –10%
• Output (linear) for High Sensitivity setting:  0 – 5 VDC for 0 – 5%
• Calibration adjustments:   Zero and Span
• Operating temperature range:  0 to 50^oC
• Storage temperature range:  -40 to 70^oC
• Operating pressure range:  ±1.5% local mean pressure
• Humidity range:  5 to 95% RH, non-condensing  (recommend drying gas stream)
• Pressure dependence:  +0.19% reading per mm Hg
• Power requirements:  12 VDC via 120 VAC/60 Hz adapter
• Current requirements:  175 mA average, 450 mA peak
• Dimensions (cm):  (H x W x D: 5.5 to 9.5 x 9.5 x 17)
• Weight:  1 kg
• Warranty:  1 year limited

Specifications subject to change without notice

References:

• Mathew B. Sonier and Harold G. Weger. Plasma membrane ferric reductase activity of iron-limited algal cells is inhibited by ferric chelators. Biometals (Online May 2010).

• Nikki L. Wirtz, Ron G. Treble and Harold G. Weger. Siderophore-Independent Iron Uptake By Iron-Limited Cells Of The Cyanobacterium Anabaena Flos-Aquae. Journal of Phycology Vol 46, Issue 5, p947–957 (2010).

• Christine E. Cooper and Philip C. Withers. Comparative physiology of Australian quolls (Dasyurus; Marsupialia). Journal Of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, And Environmental Physiology Vol 180, Number 6, p857-868 (2010).

• Weger, Harold G.; Lam, Jackie; Wirtz, Nikki L.; Walker, Crystal N.; Treble, Ron G. High stability ferric chelates result in decreased iron uptake by the green alga Chlorella kessleri owing to decreased ferric reductase activity and chelation of ferrous iron. Botany, Vol 87, Number 10, p922-931 (2009).

• Christine Elizabeth Cooper and Ariovaldo P. Cruz-Neto. Metabolic, hygric and ventilatory physiology of a hypermetabolic marsupial, the honey possum (Tarsipes rostratus). Journal Of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, And Environmental Phys Vol 179, Number 6, p773-781 (2009).

• Harold G. Weger, Crystal N. Walker and Michael B. Fink. Ferric and cupric reductase activities by iron-limited cells of the green alga Chlorella kessleri: quantification via oxygen electrode. Physiologia Plantarum Vol 131, Issue 2, p322–331 (2007).

• Sophie de Seigneux, Hans Malte, Henrik Dimke, Jørgen Frøkiær, Søren Nielsen, and Sebastian Frische. Renal compensation to chronic hypoxic hypercapnia: downregulation of pendrin and adaptation of the proximal tubule. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol Vol 292 Number 4, p1256-1266 (2007).

• Yinghao Yu, Juliana A. Ramsay and Bruce A. Ramsay. On-line estimation of dissolved methane concentration during methanotrophic fermentations. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Vol 95, Issue 5, p788–793 (2006).

• Stephen E. MacAvoy, Lynne S. Arneson and Ethan Bassett. Correlation of metabolism with tissue carbon and nitrogen turnover rate in small mammals. Oecologia Vol 150, Number 2, p190-201 (2006).

• Cameron R. Ralph, Richard D. Reina, Bryan P. Wallace, Paul R. Sotherland, James R. Spotila and Frank V. Paladino . Effect of egg location and respiratory gas concentrations on developmental success in nests of the leatherback turtle, Dermochelys coriacea Australian Journal of Zoology Vol 53, Issue 5, p289–294 (2005).

• R. W. Gusztak, R. A. MacArthur and K. L. Campbell. Bioenergetics and thermal physiology of American water shrews ( Sorex palustris). Journal Of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, And Environmental Phys Vol 175, Number 2, p87-95 (2005).

• Hoffmann, Eric J.; Miller, James R. Reassessment of the Role and Utility of Wind in Suppression of Mosquito (Diptera: Culicidae) Host Finding: Stimulus Dilution Supported Over Flight Limitation. Journal of Medical Entomology, Vol 40, Number 5, p607-614 (2003).

Q-S151 Infrared CO2 Analyzer is non-dispersive infrared CO2 analyzer that measures CO2 in 0 to 2000 ppm range with 1 ppm resolution.  Q-S151 replaces our S151 CO2 Analyzer.  The same dependable technology has been improved, made more rugged and modular for easy fit in our NEW Q-Box Packages.  Q-S151 is ideal for CO2 exchange measurements with leaves, insects, small animals or organisms with a low metabolic rate. It is also excellent for measuring soil respiratory activity in situ in the  field and in the lab. This CO2  analyzer may be used in a flow-through system configuration for instantaneous and continuous measurements of CO2 exchange.  It can also be used in a closed system mode for measurements at extremely low activity levels. The Q-S151 is also ideal as part of Qubit Systems’ carbon dioxide control system for regulating pCO2 in growth cabinet or rooms.  Contact Qubit for more information on such systems.

Features

• Switchable ranges of 0 – 500 ppm and 0 – 2000 ppm CO2
• 1 ppm CO2 resolution on digital display
• Non-dispersive infrared technology
• Modulated infrared light source = no moving parts
• 0 – 5 V analog output at both range settings
• Optional battery pack for field use
• Compact and portable

Applications:

• Photosynthetic measurements
• Respiration of roots and soil samples
• Respirometry of insects and other invertebrates
• Head space analysis of cell cultures
• Atmospheric monitoring and control

The Q-S151 CO2 analyzer is included in the following Qubit Research and Teaching Packages:

• FL23 Algal CO2 Package (30ml)
• FL22 Algal CO2 Package (10ml)
• Q-Box CO650 Plant CO2 Analysis Packages
• Q-Box RP1LP Low-Range Respiration Package
• Q-Box SR1LP Soil Respiration Package

Specifications:

• Operating principle  - Non-dispersive infrared
• Gas sampling mode - Flowing gas stream, sealed chamber
• Maximum gas flow rate - 650 mL/min
• Measurement range (LCD display)-  0 – 1999 ppm
• Analog output, low sensitivity- 0 – 2000 ppm
• Analog output, high sensitivity- 0 – 500 ppm
• Accuracy -  ± 1 ppm
• Repeatability (at stable atm press and temp)- Better than ±1 ppm
• Maximum drift (per year) - ±100 ppm
• Response time (@ 250 mL/min; to 95% of final value) - ca. 25 sec
• Warm up time (@ 22^oC) – ca. 5 min
• Output (linear) for Low Sensitivity setting – 0 – 5 VDC for 0 – 2000 ppm
• Output (linear) for High Sensitivity setting – 0 – 5 VDC for 0 – 500 ppm
• Calibration adjustments – Zero and Span
• Operating temperature range –  0 to 50^oC
• Storage temperature range  -  -40 to 70^oC
• Operating pressure range - ±1.5% local mean pressure
• Humidity range -  5 to 95% RH, non-condensing (recommend drying gas stream)
• Pressure dependence – +0.19% reading per mm Hg
• Power requirements-  12 VDC via 120 VAC/60 Hz adapter
• Current requirements – 125 mA average, 450 mA peak
• Dimensions (cm) – (H x W x D: 5.5 to 9.5 x 9.5 x 17)
• Weight - 1kg
• Warranty - 1 year limited

Specifications subject to change without notice

References:

• J. B. Ries, A. L. Cohen and D. C. McCorkle. A nonlinear calcification response to CO₂-induced ocean acidification by the coral Oculina arbuscula. CORAL REEFS Vol 29, Number 3, p661-674 (2010).

• Nann A. Fangue, Michael J. O’Donnell, Mary A. Sewell, Paul G. Matson, Anna C. MacPherson, and Gretchen E. Hofmann. A laboratory-based, experimental system for the study of ocean acidification effects on marine invertebrate larvae. Limnol. Oceanogr.: Methods 8, p441–452 (2010).

• Scott Carver, Ben D. Bell, and Bruce Waldman. Does Chytridiomycosis Disrupt Amphibian Skin Function? Copeia Vol. 2010, No. 3, p487-495 (2010).

• Simone E. Kolb, Kevin J. Fermanich and Mathew E. Dornbush. Effect of Charcoal Quantity on Microbial Biomass and Activity in Temperate Soils. SSSAJ: Vol 73, Number 4, p1173-1181.  (2009).

• Salvador Nogués, Iker Aranjuelo, Antoni Pardo and Joaquim Azcón-Bieto. Assessing the stable carbon isotopic composition of intercellular CO₂ in a CAM plant using gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio mass spectrometry. Rapid Communications in Mass Spectrometry; Vol 22, Issue 7, p1017–1022 (2008).

• Stephen D. LeDuc and David E. Rothstein. Initial recovery of soil carbon and nitrogen pools and dynamics following disturbance in jack pine forests: A comparisonof wildfire and clearcut harvesting. Soil Biology & Biochemistry Vol 39 p2865–2876 (2007).

• Nuria Gomez-Casanovas, Elena Blanc-Betes, Miquel A. Gonzalez-Meler and Joaquim Azcon-Bieto. Changes in Respiratory Mitochondrial Machinery and Cytochrome and Alternative Pathway Activities in Response to Energy Demand Underlie the Acclimation of Respiration to Elevated CO₂ in the Invasive Opuntia ficus-indica. Plant Physiology Vol 145 p49-61 (2007).

• U. Rascher, E. G. Bobich, C. B. Osmond. The Kluge-Lüttge Kammer: A Preliminary Evaluation of an Enclosed, Crassulacean Acid Metabolism (CAM) Mesocosm that Allows Separation of Synchronized and Desynchronized Contributions of Plants to Whole System Gas Exchange. Plant biol (Stuttg) Vol. 8, number 1, p167-174 (2006).

• Jean E.T. McLain and Dean A. Martens. N₂O production by heterotrophic N transformations in a semiarid soil. Applied Soil Ecology Vol 32, Issue 2 p253-263 (2006).

• J.E.T McLain and D.A. Martens. Moisture controls on trace gas fluxes in semiarid riparian soils. Science Society of America journal. Vol 70, Number 2, p.367-377 (2006).

• Jean E.T. McLain and Dean A. Martens. Nitrous oxide flux from soil amino acid mineralization. Soil Biology and Biochemistry. Vol 37, Issue 2, p289-299 (2005).

• Mark O. Baerlocher, Douglas A. Campbell, and Robert J. Ireland. Developmental progression of photosystem II electron transport and CO₂ uptake inSpartina alterniflora, a facultative halophyte, in a northern salt marsh. Can. J. Bot. Vol. 82, Number 3,  p365–375 (2004)

• L.H. Ziska, J.A. Bunce and E.W. Goins. Characterization of an urban-rural CO ₂/temperature gradient and associated changes in initial plant productivity during secondary succession. OECOLOGIA Volume 139, Number 3, p454-458 (2004).

• Y.P. Cen and D. B. Layzell. Does oxygen limit nitrogenase activity in soybean exposed to elevated CO₂? Plant, Cell & Environment Vol 27, Issue 10, p1229–1238 (2004).

• Lewis H. Ziska, PhD, Dennis E. Gebhard, David A. Frenz, MD, Shaun Faulkner Benjamin D. Singerd and James G. Straka, PhD. Cities as harbingers of climate change: Common ragweed, urbanization, and public health. J ALLERGY CLIN IMMUNOL, Vol 111, Number 2, p290-294 (2003).

• Colette A. Sacksteder and David M. Kramer. Dark-interval relaxation kinetics (DIRK) of absorbance changes as a quantitative probe of steady-state electron transfer. PHOTOSYNTHESIS RESEARCH Vol 66, Numbers 1-2, p145-158 (2000).

S108 Absolute O2 Analyzer is the most flexible, accurate and affordable oxygen analyzer on the market.  It uses a fuel cell sensor that operates at ambient temperature unlike power hungry zirconium sensors that require an on-board furnace.   The sensor incorporates  acid electrolyte and teflon diffusion membrane.  Measurements of pO2 are precise across the entire range from 0% to 100%. For animal and human respirometry, the S108 Absolute O2 Analyzer can be used with our S158 CO2 Analyzer to measure respiratory quotient. For respirometry in smaller or less active organisms, it may be configured in a stop flow or closed gas exchange system. Calibration is easy.  All you need is dry ambient air (use a N2 zero gas for most stringent measurements). Linearity is maintained across the entire dynamic range.  We recommend using S108  with our C950 Gas Exchange Software or other data acquisition software.

Features:

• 0.01% resolution on digital display ­ and much better in software (50ppm)
• Accuracy 0.21% full scale
• Switchable ranges of 0-25% and 0-100% O2 
• Analog output 0-10 V
• response time (90%) 12 sec
• Integrated pressure sensor
• O2 output displayed in % or kPa Pressure pressure output displayed (kPa)
• Optional battery pack for field use
• Built in Temperature compensation
• Weatherproof case

The S108 Oxygen Analyzer is one of the least expensive oxygen analyzers on the market. The fuel cell sensor is easily replaced by the user when necessary (approx. every 2 to 3 years depending on use).

C950 software screen

References:

Soliz J. et al. Erythropoietin regulates hypoxic ventilation in mice by interacting with brainstem and carotid bodies:The Journal of Physiology 568:559-571 (2005)

Because of its huge dynamic range, the S104 DOX can also be used on a lower resolution setting to measure oxygen exchange in larger animals such as rats, rabbits and even pigs.

Qubit Systems’ S104 Differential Oxygen Analyzer (DOX) has the greatest dynamic range of any gas analyzer on the market. In true differential mode it has ranges of ±100, ±300 and ±1000 Pa O2. Both the reference and sample oxygen sensors are monitored independently at the same time. An automated Ref – Sample feature provides measurements of any oxygen difference. By choosing the appropriate range setting, oxygen exchange can be measured with any animal.

Most high resolution gas analyzers require calibration with expensive standard gases, or with elaborate mixing systems to produce these gases. Over the years, calibration costs can far exceed the cost of the analyzer itself. The S104 DOX has an integral calibration system that uses ambient air (simple pressure based calibration).  Calibration is simple, extremely accurate, and perfectly linear over the entire dynamic range of the analyzer and the “cal gas” is freely available.

Features of the S104 DOX include:

• ±1 ppm oxygen resolution against air (that’s 0.0001%!)
• Widest dynamic range of any oxygen analyzer
• Easy calibration without special calibration gases
• Separate analog signals for reference and sample pO2
• Analog signals for differential pO2, absolute pressure, differential pressure, sample and reference cell temperature, instrument temperature

We recommend Qubit’s C950 gas exchange software (optional) for use with the S104 DOX. The software calculates all major respirometry and photosynthesis parameters, and corrects data for variations in environmental conditions.

If you can measure the CO2 exchange of your sample, the DOX allows you to measure real-time O2 exchange in an open flow gas exchange system at the same time. The figure below shows data as recorded by C950 software of CO2 exchange measured with the S157 Co2 analyzer and O2 exchange measured by the S104 in a potato.

Specifications:

• Power Supply: 12V 115/220 VAC .
• Oxygen Sensor life: 3 to 5 years.
• Analog Output: 0 to 5 V, Recommend using 16-Bit Analog to Digital converter
• Absolute Signal range: Reference and Sample  0 to 100% O2
• Absolute Signal Resolution: 0.001%O2,
• Absolute Signal Accuracy : +/- 0.002% O2,
• Absolute Signal Response Time: T90 = 20 seconds, Partial Pressure measurement.
• Differential Oxygen Signal Range: 1000 to 10000 ppmO2 (user defined),
• Differential Oxygen Signal Resolution: 1 ppmO2,
• Differential Oxygen Signal Accuracy: +/- 2.5 ppmO2,
• Differential Oxygen Signal Response Time: T90 = 20 seconds, Partial Pressure measurement.
• Absolute Pressure Signal Range: 15 to 115 kPa,
• Absolute Pressure Signal Resolution: 0.01 kPa,
• Absolute Pressure Signal Noise < 0.01 kPa,
• Absolute Pressure Signal Accuracy:  1% of Full Scale.
• Differential Pressure Signal Range: is +/- 620 Pa,
• Differential Pressure Signal Resolution: 1 Pa,
• Differential Pressure Signal Accuracy: 1% of Full Scale.
• Reference and Sample Air Temperature Signals Range: s 0 to 50 C,
• Reference and Sample Air Temperature Signals Resolution: 0.01 C,
• Reference and Sample Air Temperature Signals Accuracy: +/- 0.1 C.
• Oven Temperature Signal Range: 10 to 50 C,
• Oven Temperature Signal Resolution:  0.01 C,
• Oven Temperature Signal Accuracy: +/- 0.1 C.

References

• Willms JR, Dowling AN, Dong ZM, Hunt S, Shelp BJ, Layzell DB The simultaneous measurement of low rates of CO2 and O2 exchange in Biological Systems. Anal. Biochem. 254: 272-282 (1997)
• Willms JR, Salon C, Layzell DB Evidence for light-stimulated fatty acid synthesis in soybean fruit. Plant Physiol. 120: 1117-112 (1999)
• Cen Y-P, Turpin DH, Layzell DB Whole-plant gas exchange and reductive biosynthesis in white lupin. Plant Physiol. 126: 1555-1565 (2001)
• Amthor,JS, Koch GW, Willms JR, Layzell DB  Leaf O2 uptake in the dark is independent of coincident CO2 partial pressure. J.Exp.Bot. 52: 2235-2238 (2001)
• Davey, PA, Hunt S, Hymus GJ, DeLucia EH, Drake BG, Karnosky DF, Long SP Respiratory oxygen uptake is not decreased by an instantaneous elevation of [CO2], but is increased with long term growth in the filed at elevated [CO2]. Plant Physiol. 134: 520-527 (2004) .

• John P. Isanhart, F. M. Anne McNabb and Philip N. Smith. Effects of perchlorate exposure on resting metabolism, peak metabolism, and thyroid function in the prairie vole (Microtus ochrogaster). Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Vol 24, Issue 3, p678–684 (2005)
• Efrat Elimelech And Berry Pinshow. Variation in food availability influences prey-capture method in antlion larvae. Ecological Entomology Vol 33, Issue 5, p652–662 (2008).

• Leakey ADB, Xu F, Gillespie KM, McGrath JM, Ainsworth EA, Ort DR. Genomic basis for stimulated respiration by plants growing under elevated carbon dioxide. PNAS Vol. 106 Number 9 p3597-3602 (2009)

Qubit Systems’ Q-S102 O2 Analyzer is configured for measuring oxygen concentration in a flow through gas exchange systems in 0-25% or 0-100% range with 0.21% accuracy. The Q-S102 O2 Analyzer is ideal for determining O2 uptake in organisms with high metabolic rates in an open flow system configuration.  For organisms with low metabolic rate it can be used in a closed flow system where the rate of O2 uptake  can be calculated from the slope of O2 decline in the system.  Q-S102  has been developed from the S102 Flow Through O2 Sensor and is a key component of the New Q-Box Packages for both research and teaching.  The following packages include the Q-S102: Q-Box RP1LP Low Range Respiration Package, Q-Box RP2LP High Range Respiration Package, Q-Box NF1LP Nitrogen Fixation Package and Q-Box HR1LP Human Respirometry Package.

The Q-S102 O2 Analyzer has a galvanic cell (a lead-oxygen battery) consisting of a lead anode, an O2 cathode, and an acid electrolyte.  It also incorporates an O2-permeable Teflon FEP membrane with a gold electrode bonded to its surface.  Oxygen diffusing through this membrane is reduced electrochemically at the gold electrode. A resistor and thermistor (for temperature compensation) are connected between anode and cathode.  The output of the instrument is proportional to the current flowing through the resistor and thermistor and this is proportional to pO2 in contact with Teflon membrane.

Specifications:

Additional Features:

• Simple 2 point calibration
• Output linear over the entire calibration range
• 90% response in twelve seconds
• Span and zero controls
• Output range  0 – 100% = 5V, 0-25% = 5V
• Temperature compensation circuit allows for changes in temperature during measurements without the need to recalibrate
• Expected sensor life is 3 to 5 years.  Qubit offers replacement of the sensor.
• CO2 friendly sensor

References:

• Sadie B. Barr and Jonathan C. Wright. Postprandial energy expenditure in whole-food and processed-food meals: implications for daily energy expenditure. Food Nutr Res. Vol 54 (2010).
• Shannon M. Fernando, Pengcheng Rao, Lee Niel, Diptendu Chatterjee, Marijana Stagljar andD. Ashley Monks. Myocyte Androgen Receptors Increase Metabolic Rate and Improve Body Composition by Reducing Fat Mass. Endocrinology Vol. 151, Number 7, p3125-3132 ( 2010).
• T. Todd Jones, Richard D. Reina, Charles-A. Darveau and Peter L. Lutz. Ontogeny of energetics in leatherback (Dermochelys coriacea) and olive ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) sea turtle hatchlings. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology – Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology Vol 147, Issue 2, p313-322 (2007).
• R.Refinetti. Absence of circadian and photoperiodic conservation of energy expenditure in three rodent species. Journal Of Comparative Physiology B: Biochemical, Systemic, And Environmental Physiology Vol 177, Number 3, p309-318 (2007).
• Edwin R. Price, Frank V. Paladino, Kingman P. Strohl, Pilar Santidrián T., Kenneth Klann and James R. Spotila. Respiration in neonate sea turtles. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part A Vol 146, Issue 3, p422–428 (2007).
• David Nestel, Esther Nemny-Lavy, Sheikh Mohammad Islam, Viwat Wornoayporn and Carlos Cáceres. Effects Of Pre-Irradiation Conditioning Of Medfly Pupae (Diptera: Tephritidae): Hypoxia And Quality Of Sterile Males. Florida Entomologist Vol 90 Number 1, p80-87 (2007).
• Muleme HM, Walpole AC and Staples JF. Mitochondrial metabolism in hibernation: metabolic suppression, temperature effects, and substrate preferences. Physiol Biochem Zool. Vol 79, Number 3, p474-83 (2006).
• Tammy Chan and Warren Burggren. Hypoxic incubation creates differential morphological effects during specific developmental critical windows in the embryo of the chicken (Gallus gallus). Respiratory Physiology & Neurobiology Vol 145, Issues 2-3, Pages 251-263 (2005).
• Tapio Eeva, Esa Lehikoinen, and Mikko Nikinmaa. Pollution-Induced Nutritional Stress In Birds: An Experimental Study Of Direct And Indirect Effects. Ecological Applications Vol 13, Issue 5, p1242–1249 (2003).
• Frances D. Duncan and Marcus J. Byrne. Respiratory airflow in a wingless dung beetle. The Journal of Experimental Biology Vol 205, p2489–2497 (2002).
• C. J. Bernacchi,  E. L. Singsaas,  C. Pimentel,  A. R. Portis Jr and S. P. Long. Improved temperature response functions for models of Rubisco-limited photosynthesis. Plant, Cell & Environment Vol 24, Issue 2, p253–259 (2001).