Chlorophyll Fluorescence measurements provide non-invasive means of studying photosynthetic processes. Qubit Systems provides hand-held PAM fluorometers like the FluorPens for leaf chlorophyll fluorescence measurements, AquaPens for measurements of chlorophyll fluorescence in algal cultures and suspensions. Basic chlorophyll fluorescence parameters like Ft and Fv/Fm are measured by the Photobioreactors, the algal cultivation and monitoring devices.